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Blood pressure
Blood pressure
Blood pressure (strictly speaking: vascular pressure) refers to the force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels, and constitutes one of the principal vital signs. The pressure of the circulating blood decreases as blood moves through arteries, arterioles, capillaries, and veins; the term blood pressure generally refers to arterial pressure, i.e., the pressure in the larger arteries, arteries being the blood vessels which take blood away from the heart.
Measure blood pressure
Arterial pressure is most commonly measured via a sphygmomanometer, which uses the height of a column of mercury to reflect the circulating pressure. Although many modern vascular pressure devices no longer use mercury, vascular pressure values are still universally reported in millimeters of mercury (mmHg).
The systolic arterial pressure is defined as the peak pressure in the arteries, which occurs near the beginning of the cardiac cycle; the diastolic arterial pressure is the lowest blood pressure (at the resting phase of the cardiac cycle). The average blood pressure throughout the cardiac cycle is reported as mean arterial pressure; the pulse pressure reflects the difference between the maximum and minimum pressures measured.
Typical values for a resting, healthy adult human are approximately 120 mmHg (16 kPa) systolic and 80 mmHg (11 kPa) diastolic (written as 120/80 mmHg, and spoken as "one twenty over eighty") with large individual variations. These measures of blood pressure are not static, but undergo natural variations from one heartbeat to another and throughout the day (in a circadian rhythm); they also change in response to stress, nutritional factors, drugs, or disease. Hypertension (high blood pressure) refers to blood pressure being abnormally high, as opposed to hypotension, when it is abnormally low. Along with body temperature, blood pressure measurements are the most commonly measured physiological parameters.
 According to American Heart Association:
Blood pressure below 120 over 80 mmHg (millimeters of mercury) is considered optimal for adults. A systolic pressure of 120 to 139 mmHg or a diastolic pressure of 80 to 89 mmHg is considered "prehypertension" and needs to be watched carefully. A blood pressure reading of 140 over 90 or higher is considered elevated (high).
Optimal blood pressure with respect to cardiovascular risk is less than 120/80 mm Hg. However, unusually low readings should be evaluated to rule out medical causes.
Blood pressure monitor
For some people, blood pressure measured in a doctor's office may have nothing to do with their real measurements. Up to one out of 4 people have "white coat hypertension" which means their doctor's visit blood pressure readings are higher than their real blood pressure. This can result from anxiety related to an examination by a health care professional. The misdiagnosis of hypertension (high blood pressure) for these patients can result in needless and possibly harmful medication. Debate continues regarding the significance of this effect. Some reactive patients will also react to many other stimuli throughout their daily lives, and require treatment. The white coat effect may be an indication which bears further investigation. On the other hand, in some cases a lower than typical blood pressure reading occurs at the doctor's office and these patients may fail to get needed high blood pressure treatment.
High Blood Pressure
All levels above 120/80 mmHg are called "hypertension" or high blood pressure. Hypertension raises your risk, and the risk grows as blood pressure levels rise. If you have diabetes or chronic kidney disease, High Blood Pressure is defined as 130/80 mmHg or higher. Hypertension numbers also differ for children and teens.
All levels of blood pressure put mechanical stress on the arterial walls. Hypertension increases heart workload and progression of unhealthy tissue growth (atheroma) that develops within the walls of arteries. The higher the pressure, the more stress that is present and the more atheroma tend to progress and the heart muscle tends to thicken, enlarge and become weaker over time.
 National Institutes of Health claims about 1 in 3 adults in the United States has High Blood Pressure. Hypertension itself usually has no symptoms. You can have it for years without knowing it. During this time, though, it can damage the heart, blood vessels, kidneys, and other parts of your body.
This is why knowing your blood pressure numbers is important, even when you're feeling fine. If your blood pressure is normal, you can work with your health care team to keep it that way. If your blood pressure is too high, you need treatment to prevent damage to your body's organs.
Causes of high blood pressure
Blood pressure tends to rise with age, unless you take steps to prevent or control it. Certain medical problems, such as chronic kidney disease, thyroid disease, and insomnia, may cause blood pressure to rise. Certain medicines, such as asthma medicines (for example, corticosteroids) and cold-relief products, also may raise blood pressure.
Women taking birth control pills usually have a small rise in both systolic and diastolic blood pressures. If you already have hypertension and want to use birth control pills, make sure your doctor knows about your high blood pressure. Talk to him or her about how often you should have your blood pressure checked and how to control it while taking the pill.
High Blood Pressure Complications
Several potentially serious health conditions are linked to high blood pressure, including:
- Atherosclerosis: a disease of the arteries caused by a buildup of plaque, or fatty material, on the inside walls of the blood vessels. Hypertension (high blood pressure) contributes to this buildup by putting added stress and force on the artery walls.
- Heart Disease: heart failure (the heart can't adequately pump blood), ischemic heart disease (the heart tissue doesn't get enough blood), and hypertensive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (enlarged heart) are all associated with high blood pressure.
- Kidney Disease: High blood pressure (hypertension) can damage the blood vessels and filters in the kidneys, so that the kidneys cannot excrete waste properly.
- Stroke: High blood pressure (hypertension) can lead to stroke, either by contributing to the process of atherosclerosis (which can lead to blockages and/or clots), or by weakening the blood vessel wall and causing it to rupture.
- Eye Disease: High blood pressure (hypertension) can damage the very small blood vessels in the retina.
Hypertension
An unhealthy lifestyle will raise your blood pressure over time. And the higher your blood pressure becomes, the higher your risk of having a stroke or heart attack in the future.
But the good news is that if you have hypertension, healthy changes will help to bring it down. And you don't have to wait until you have high blood pressure to make healthy lifestyle changes. The more you can reduce your hypertension, the lower your risk of a heart or stroke will be.
 According to Blood Pressure Association:
Being moderately active for 30 minutes five times a week can keep your heart healthy, and can lower your hypertension. If you can't find 30 minutes in your day, increasing your activity by even a small amount can help.
Changing your diet and being more active can really help you control and reduce hypertension, but they may not lower it enough on their own. You may need to take blood pressure medication to lower it further.
High Blood Pressure Treatment
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Maintain Blood Pressure
Lifestyle measures can help you maintain normal blood pressure. Even if you have hypertension, you can still take steps to prevent the long-term problems it can cause:
- Follow a healthy eating plan that focuses on plenty of fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy products. The plan also should be low in saturated and trans fats and salt.
- Be active for at least 1 to 2 hours per day. Limit screen time in front of the TV or the computer to 2 hours per day at most.
- Maintain a healthy weight. Consider weight loss programs if you are obese.
- Stop smoking
- Manage your stress and anxiety and learn to cope with stress.
Sincerely,
Your Web Doc
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